Let $\{W(t), 0 \leqq t < \infty\}$ be the standard Wiener process. The computation schemes developed in the past are not computationally efficient for the absorption ...
Conversely, if energy is injected into the system, the occupation probability of the upper level increases. If it surpasses the occupation probability of the lower level, population inversion occurs ...
Burbidge, E. M., Tucson Conference on Seyfert Galaxies and Related Objects, Astronomical Journal (in the press). Braccesi, A., Lynds, C. R., and Sandage, A., Ap. J ...
Absorption spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry tool that can determine if a particular substance is present in a sample by measuring the intensity of the light absorbed as a function of wavelength ...
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