Biophysicists have elucidated why unexpected structures can sometimes arise during protein design. Artificially designed proteins are usually based on building blocks that obey strict rules of ...

An AI strategy proven adept at board games like Chess and Go, reinforcement learning, has now been adapted for a powerful protein design program. The results show that reinforcement learning can do ...

Precision and timing of gene expression is essential for normal biological functions and, when disrupted, can lead to many ...

Chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont that resided within a eukaryotic cell. Due to their prokaryotic heritage, chloroplast outer membranes contain transmembrane β-barrel proteins.