Vortex light carries orbital angular momentum (OAM) characterized by exp(ilθ), where θ is the angular coordinate and l is the topological charge (TC) 1. OAM beams have been widely used in a variety of ...
The Doppler effect refers to a noticeable change in frequency of light or sound waves as the distance between the source and the observer changes. It is either the source or the observer of a wave is ...
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