In adding an alternative cutter drive motor (‘spindle’) to an existing cnc machine, an electrically isolated pwm to analogue converter is needed. The machine uses a ‘grbl’ controller, which has an ...

…which would take a pulse-width-modulated waveform at any frequency, and produce a signal with exactly the same mark/space ratio, but at a nominated frequency (see ‘Why might this be useful?’ below).

I have spent at least an hour almost every day since the 80’s advancing my knowledge in electronics. Recently I brushed up my knowledge on LED fading secrets and attained something pleasant. Now, I’d ...